In a landmark achievement for wetland conservation, the Indian government has added four new wetlands to the prestigious Ramsar list:
- Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu)
- Therthangal Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu)
- Khecheopalri Wetland (Sikkim)
- Udhwa Lake (Jharkhand)
This brings India’s total Ramsar sites to 89, making it the country with the highest number of Ramsar wetlands in Asia, ahead of China (82 sites). The recognition of Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary in Jharkhand’s Sahibganj district is particularly significant, as it marks the state’s first-ever Ramsar site. This milestone highlights the growing awareness of wetland conservation and its crucial role in supporting biodiversity, climate resilience, and sustainable development.
What is a Ramsar Site?
A Ramsar site is a wetland designated as being of international importance under the Ramsar Convention, an international treaty adopted in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran. This convention aims to promote the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands, recognizing their ecological, hydrological, and socio-economic significance.
India joined the Ramsar Convention on February 1, 1982, and has been actively identifying and protecting wetlands since then. These ecosystems support migratory birds, fish, amphibians, and other wildlife, while also playing a crucial role in:
- Groundwater recharge
- Flood control
- Carbon sequestration
- Water purification
Tamil Nadu Leads with the Most Ramsar Sites in India
With the recent additions, Tamil Nadu now has 20 Ramsar sites, making it the state with the highest number of internationally recognized wetlands in India. The two newly added bird sanctuaries, Sakkarakottai and Therthangal, further strengthen Tamil Nadu’s position as a biodiversity hotspot.
Meanwhile, Sikkim and Jharkhand have also made history by getting their first Ramsar sites, marking a significant step in wetland conservation efforts in these states.
Why is Udhwa Lake Important?
Ecological Significance
Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary, situated in Jharkhand’s Sahibganj district, is the only bird sanctuary in the state. It consists of two main water bodies:
- Patauda Lake
- Berhale Lake
These wetlands serve as critical stopover and breeding grounds for migratory birds, particularly those following the Central Asian Flyway. The sanctuary is home to a variety of bird species, including:
- Endangered greater adjutant stork
- Ruddy shelduck
- Indian spot-billed duck
- Egrets and herons
- Bar-headed geese
During the winter migration season, over 6,000 birds can be observed at Udhwa Lake, making it an important avian hotspot in Eastern India.
Hydrological and Climate Benefits
Beyond its rich biodiversity, Udhwa Lake provides:
- Flood control: Acts as a natural buffer, preventing excessive flooding in nearby areas.
- Groundwater recharge: Helps maintain water tables, crucial for agriculture and drinking water supply.
- Carbon storage: Wetlands act as natural carbon sinks, mitigating climate change.
Why the Ramsar Designation Matters
The inclusion of Udhwa Lake in the Ramsar list brings numerous conservation and economic benefits:
1. Enhanced Conservation Efforts
- The designation brings international attention, which can lead to better funding and management strategies.
- Strengthened efforts to protect migratory birds and their habitats.
2. Boost to Ecotourism
- The Ramsar status will attract birdwatchers, researchers, and nature enthusiasts, boosting local tourism.
- Increased footfall can generate employment opportunities for local communities.
3. Climate Resilience and Sustainable Development
- Protecting wetlands helps mitigate climate change effects such as floods and droughts.
- Promotes sustainable development, ensuring that economic activities do not harm ecological balance.
Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav, in his statement on Friday, highlighted that the new Ramsar additions showcase the harmonious progress of ‘Prakriti’ (nature) and ‘Pragati’ (development) under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Relevance for Competitive Exam Aspirants
For those preparing for UPSC, SSC, State PCS, and other competitive exams, understanding the Ramsar Convention and India’s wetlands is crucial. Key points to remember:
- India now has 89 Ramsar sites (highest in Asia).
- Tamil Nadu has the most Ramsar sites (20 in total).
- Jharkhand and Sikkim got their first Ramsar sites (Udhwa Lake and Khecheopalri Wetland).
- Ramsar Convention was signed in 1971 and India joined in 1982.
- World Wetlands Day is observed on February 2nd.
MCQs for Competitive Exams
1. What is the primary objective of the Ramsar Convention?
a) Promote international trade
b) Conserve and sustainably use wetlands
c) Regulate global fisheries
d) Establish new forests
Answer: b) Conserve and sustainably use wetlands
2. Which state now has the highest number of Ramsar sites in India?
a) West Bengal
b) Tamil Nadu
c) Gujarat
d) Rajasthan
Answer: b) Tamil Nadu
3. Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary is located in which Indian state?
a) Bihar
b) Odisha
c) Jharkhand
d) Assam
Answer: c) Jharkhand
4. What is the total number of Ramsar sites in India as of 2024?
a) 85
b) 86
c) 89
d) 90
Answer: c) 89
5. What is celebrated on February 2nd each year?
a) Earth Day
b) World Wildlife Day
c) World Wetlands Day
d) Environment Day
Answer: c) World Wetlands Day
Conclusion
The addition of Udhwa Lake as a Ramsar site marks a historic achievement for Jharkhand. This recognition will strengthen conservation efforts, boost eco-tourism, and enhance climate resilience. India’s growing number of Ramsar sites is a testament to its commitment to sustainable development and biodiversity protection.
As wetlands play a crucial role in our environment, it is essential to continue raising awareness and taking action to protect these invaluable ecosystems.
